Technical Support & Service Centre (RA0017126-V)

Model
Brand	BIOSTAR
Model	945GC-M7 TE
Supported CPU
CPU Socket Type	LGA 775
CPU Type	Core 2 Duo / Pentium D / Celeron D
FSB	1333/1066MHz
Chipsets
North Bridge	Intel 945GC
South Bridge	Intel ICH7
Memory
Number of Memory Slots	2×240pin
Memory Standard	DDR2 667
Channel Supported	Dual Channel
Expansion Slots
PCI Express x16	1
PCI Express x1	1
PCI Slots	2
Storage Devices
PATA	1 x ATA100 2 Dev. Max
SATA 3Gb/s	4
Onboard Video
Onboard Video Chipset	Intel GMA 950
Onboard Audio
Audio Chipset	Realtek ALC662
Audio Channels	6 Channels
Onboard LAN
Max LAN Speed	10/100Mbps
Rear Panel Ports
PS/2	2
COM	1
Video Ports	D-Sub
USB 1.1/2.0	4 x USB 2.0
Audio Ports	3 Ports
Onboard USB
Onboard USB	4 x USB 2.0
Physical Spec
Form Factor	Micro ATX
Dimensions	9.4" x 7.5"
Power Pin	24 Pin
Manufacturer Warranty
Parts	3 years limited
Labor	2 years limited

Thermal

Most consumer inkjet printers, such as those made by Canon, HP, and Lexmark (but not Epson) use a thermal inkjet; inside each partition of the ink reservoir is a heating element with a tiny metal plate or resistor. In response to a signal given by the printer, a tiny current flows through the metal or resistor making it warm, and the ink immediately surrounding the heated plate is vaporized into a tiny air bubble inside the nozzle. As a consequence, the total volume of the ink exceeds that of the nozzle. An ink droplet is forced out of the cartridge nozzle onto the paper. This process takes a matter of milliseconds.
The printing depends on the smooth flow of ink, which can be hindered if the ink begins to dry at the print head, as can happen when an ink level becomes low; dried ink can be cleaned from a cartridge print head, by gentle rubbing with isopropyl alcohol on a swab or folded paper towel.
The ink also acts as a coolant to protect the metal-plate heating elements: when the ink supply is depleted, and printing is attempted, the heating elements in thermal cartridges often burn out, permanently damaging the print head. When the ink first begins to run low, the cartridge should be refilled or replaced, to avoid over-heating damage to the print-head.

Piezoelectric

All Epson printers use a piezoelectric crystal in each nozzle instead of a heating element. When current is applied, the crystal changes shape or size, forcing a droplet of ink from the nozzle. This allows use of inks which react badly when heated, and can produce a smaller ink drop in some situations than thermal inkjet schemes.

Variants

• Typically, two separate cartridges are inserted into a printer: one containing black ink and one with each of the three primary colors. Alternatively, each primary color may have a dedicated cartridge.
• Some cartridges contain ink specially formulated for printing photographs.
• All printer suppliers produce their own type of ink cartridges. Cartridges for different printers may be incompatible — either physically or electrically.
• Since replacement cartridges from the original manufacturer of the printer are often expensive, several vendors produce "compatible" cartridges as less expensive alternatives. These cartridges sometimes have more ink than the original OEM branded ink cartridges and may produce the same, better, or inferior quality, depending on a variety of factors, including the vendor's ability to duplicate the ink formulation in all respects.
• Some cartridges have incorporated the printer's head (examples include HP, Dell, and Lexmark). The precision parts required generally make the cartridges more expensive, but the printers are cheaper since they don't include the precision print head. Other cartridges don't include the print head and so can cost less, though the printers tend to be somewhat more expensive (Epson is an example)

Pricing

Ink cartridges are typically expensive, sometimes a substantial fraction of the cost of the printer. To save money, many people use compatible ink cartridges from a vendor other than the printer manufacturer. The high cost of cartridges has also provided an incentive for counterfeiters to supply cartridges falsely claiming to be made by the original manufacturer. Another alternative involves modifications of an original cartridge allowing use of continuous ink systems with external ink tanks. Others use aftermarket inks, refilling their own ink cartridges using a kit that includes bulk ink.
Some printer manufacturers set up their cartridges to interact with the printer, preventing operation when the ink level is low, or when the cartridge has been refilled. One researcher with the magazine Which? over-rode such an interlocked system and found that in one case he could print up to 38% more good quality pages, after the chip stated that the cartridge was empty.In the United Kingdom, in 2003, the cost of ink has been the subject of an Office of Fair Trading investigation, as Which? magazine has accused manufacturers of a lack of transparency about the price of ink and called for an industry standard for measuring ink cartridge performance.Which? stated that color HP cartridges cost over seven times more per milliliter than 1985 Dom Perignon.
Consumers are often surprised at the price of replacing their printer cartridges, especially when compared with that of purchasing a brand new printer. The major printer manufacturers, Hewlett Packard, Lexmark, Dell, Canon, Epson and Brother, use a "razor and blades" business model, often breaking even or losing money selling printers while expecting to make a profit by selling cartridges over the life of the printer. Since much of the printer manufacturers' profits are from ink and toner cartridge sales, some of these companies have taken various actions against aftermarket cartridges.

Refills and third party replacements

 

Because printer cartridges from the original manufacturer are often expensive, demand exists for cheaper third party options. These include ink sold in bulk, cartridge refill kits, machines in stores that automatically refill cartridges, remanufactured cartridges, and cartridges made by an entity other than the original manufacturer.
Consumers can refill ink cartridges themselves with a kit, or they can take the cartridge to a refiller or remanufacturer where ink is pumped back into the cartridge. PC World reports that refilled cartridges have higher failure rates, print fewer pages than new cartridges, and demonstrate more on-page problems like streaking, curling, and colour bleed.
Another option is for the consumer to purchase "bulk ink" (in pints, quarts, or gallons) and refill the cartridges themselves. This can be extremely cost effective if the consumer is a heavy user of cartridges. 1 US pint (470 ml; 17 imp fl oz) is sufficient to fill about 15 to 17 large capacity cartridges.
Generally speaking, Canon, Dell, HP, and Lexmark cartridges are not difficult to refill, while Epson cartridges usually require purchase of a chip resetter to reset the counter chip built into many Epson cartridges. And some, or maybe all, Brother printers have scanners which continue to register a cartridge as "empty" even if refilled. Since refilling involves handling ink, it can be a messy process for inexperienced people.
Some third party manufacturers have been offering refillable cartridges with auto reset chip to simplify the refilling process. These refillable cartridges are less harmful to the environment and often easy to further refill.
Laser toner or inkjet cartridges sold as "remanufactured" are usually re-filled cartridges, although many third-party newly manufactured "compatible" cartridges exist. Inkjet cartridges sold as "compatible" are typically newly manufactured cartridges. Inkjet cartridges sold as "Remanufactured" are cartridges that have been used at least once by a consumer and then refilled by a third party.
The legality of this industry was brought to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit in the case of Lexmark Int'l v. Static Control Components. The Court ruled that reverse-engineering the handshaking procedure to enable compatibility did not violate the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.

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